Tag Archives: Summer 2021

How I Became the Narrator
of a César Aira Novel

by Kent Johnson

Editor’s Note: Rain Taxi has reviewed the work of Argentine writer César Aira several times since his New Directions debut in 2006, An Episode in the Life of a Landscape Painter. On the occasion of the publication of Aira’s latest work in English translation, The Divorce—originally published in Spanish in 2010 and now available in Chris Andrews’s translation (with Introduction by Patti Smith)—we present not a review, but a behind the scenes exploration of Aira’s aesthetic. Take it away, Kent Johnson:

The morning after a huge lightning storm over Buenos Aires, in December, 2007, I bid buen día to the young owner of the pensión where I was lodged, in the city’s historic Palermo neighborhood. I’d been there a few days and was taking the ferry across the Río de la Plata the next morning for Montevideo, the city where I’d grown up in the 1960s and early ’70s. I was to meet my extended family there for a special Christmas reunion, in Piriápolis, up the eastern coast, where we’d spent many summers.

Enrique, the owner, waved from the kitchen and laughed that with all the explosions, he’d thought the English had decided the Falklands weren’t quite conquest enough, twenty-five years hence.

Would you like some really good coffee? he asked. I explained I had to hurry to meet a friend, a younger artist I’d been corresponding with, but that if he was around in the evening, the first couple of drinks were on me.

Let’s have more than a couple, he said, I know just the right boliche. You’ll have to tell me tonight about this artist acquaintance of yours. (That he said this will seem unbelievable after you see what unfolded.)

I hailed a cab to go meet the videographer and translator Leticia El Halli Obeid at the venerable El Gallego Café. I’d stumbled across the place by chance my first day in the city—a locale, it turned out, frequented over the decades by many an Argentine writer, including Silvina Ocampo, A. Bioy Casares, Julio Cortázar, Alejandra Pizarnik, Ricardo Piglia, César Aira, and the great master himself (it is not far from his now-museum home), Jorge Luis Borges. The sky was wisped with cirrus, everything was still wet and spring-smelling, the gorriones were warbling in the jacarandas, the café was a clean and well-lighted place—in short, everything a privileged gringo tourist could hope for. I sat down inside to wait for Leticia under a faded photo of the 1986 Argentine national football team and had the best café con leche of my life.

Leticia, who’d been translating my 2005 book Lyric Poetry after Auschwitz into Spanish, arrived a bit late from the outskirts of the city. We kissed on the cheek, as is the custom. Down to earth in the most appealing way, she apologized about her bus breaking down.

How often does a goddamn city bus break down, you know? she said.

We went outside to sit at a table on the sidewalk. She had been at the reading that I’d given the day before with Forrest Gander and Reynaldo Jiménez for the latter’s legendary publishing house tsé-tsé. I told her, somewhat tongue-tied, that I was still feeling the hangover of having read so poorly, coupled with an actual hangover from way too much grappa, but that the top-shelf coffee I’d just had made me feel better. She laughed and said something to the effect that only people who are not poets ever recall the details of poetry readings, anyway, and almost no people who are not poets go to poetry readings, so why worry? It was a charmingly clever thing for her to say, even if it didn’t make me feel better.

We talked for a bit about the translations. She showed me some versions and asked questions. Her renderings were magnificent, and the frankly pornographic language, where it appeared in a poem about the Abu Ghraib tortures, was explicitly and exactly rendered by her. The next year, her translations would appear in Madrid, and in a few publications in South America.

We smoked, because if you are a poet or artist at a Palermo café, smoking is a natural thing, or at least it still was then. People walked by us on the sidewalk, in the mid-morning. Everything was just right at the café where Borges and Bioy Casares often met. The owner, the very fit octogenarian El Gallego himself, dressed no differently than his polished wait staff, in white jacket and black tie, appeared next to our table. He gave us a nod and proceeded to place an old, iron crank into the awning right above us.

Ah, thank you, said Leticia.

Yes, yes, of course, said El Gallego. He slowly turned the crank.

As the awning squeaked out, I was about to ask him if he’d ever chatted with Borges (for surely he must have), when an indistinct figure pulled up and hopped off a bicycle, quickly locking it to the lamppost immediately in front of our table. And the very moment the lock clicked, a massive cascade of rainwater—as in many buckets of it; the old canvas awning hadn’t been fully closed during the night—dropped in one waterfalling slosh, onto the bicyclist.

The young man cried out and stood there, open mouthed, gasping at the shock of it, looking directly at us. He blinked a few times and wiped his face.

LETICIA!! he cried.

ENRIQUE!! cried Leticia.

No es posible! said the young man. (He looked and sounded familiar.)

Oh my god, cried Leticia. Are you fucking kidding me? (All of this in Spanish.)

No, it’s me, Enrique! KENT!? cried Enrique, again.

What? What? I shouted (again, everything was in Spanish), finally grasping that the young man with plastered hair—who had shaved off his moustache after I’d left, I noticed now—was Enrique, the owner of the pensión where I was staying.

Ha ha ha! laughed El Gallego, No question this godforsaken dive is haunted.

He left to fetch a towel for the wet man.

Enrique and Leticia embraced and kissed on the cheek, awkwardly, and they held hands and gazed at each other for a few seconds, beaming. Then Enrique, looking over Leticia’s shoulder, cried out yet again.

MAMÁ!!

HIJO!! said the woman, approaching on the sidewalk. You almost drowned! Didn’t you get my message I was coming into town?

SEÑORA!! cried Leticia.

It was Enrique’s mom, who lived some distance away and whom Enrique had not seen, it turned out, for weeks. Leticia had not seen her for many years, but in the past the two of them had been very close.

They all embraced and laughed and cried out in disbelief. No, Enrique had not gotten her message. This is totally weird, he said.

I sat back down and watched. El Gallego returned with a towel under his arm, chuckling and clapping. Now what happened? he asked.

I spoke to Enrique‘s mother for a few minutes, while the two old friends moved a little ways down the sidewalk in animated talk. She told me that she and her late husband had often met at El Gallego when they were courting. In the ’60s, she said, tearfully. People in politics gathered here. That’s how we met.

She had to get to an appointment of some kind; Enrique said he would accompany her there. So he and Leticia exchanged phone numbers, promising to be in touch soon. I called after Enrique as they walked away, reminding him about our appointment for grappa.

We’ll have a good time, Kent! (We would.)

What just happened cannot be, said Leticia. He and I were sweethearts in high school. We haven’t seen each other for nearly twenty years. We’d lost all contact. I’ve never forgotten him. And you are staying at his pensión?! Give me a break . . .

Eventually, she and I went back to looking at her translations for a while, though a bit distractedly. We realized we had been at the café for a good three hours, and that the lunch crowd was coming in. El Gallego said he would not forget the day, and that the bill was on him.

Enjoy life, he called out. It is brief. And full of surprises!

Leticia and I walked around Palermo for a while, including by a handsome corner pub that she mentioned was frequented by César Aira, her favorite living writer. I told her that she probably wouldn’t believe it, but Forrest and I were meeting Aira in just a couple hours, at a bookstore.

Of course you are! she cried. What else could happen today? Oh my god. You should tell Aira what happened to us this morning!

I promised I would. We bid farewell in front of the headquarters of the Palermo Football Club.

A few hours later, Forrest and I met César Aira at a literary bookstore, whose name I can’t now recall. Forrest had arranged the meeting, as he and Aira were fellow New Directions authors. We’d gotten lost for a spell and were late, and Aira seemed somewhat annoyed to have been made to wait. He stamped out his cigarette and we went inside. At least three of the clerks and two customers greeted him by name. He made a point to show us books by his favorite authors (some Russians and French, Felisberto Hernández, Faulkner, Bolaño) and also his own books, too, which were many—the bookstore had all of his nearly 100 works, it seemed. It was one of the best bookstores I have been in: all of Borges, all of Cortázar, all of Pizarnik, all of Ocampo, all of Di Giorgio, all of Vila-Matas, and on and on.

I asked Aira which book of his he would want me to read if he could name only one, and he reached to the shelf and pulled out Una novela china, which has not yet been translated into English.

I have a soft spot for it, he said.

It remains one of my very favorite books by him, a slim, moving masterpiece.

Let’s go have a drink, said Aira. He led us down a few blocks and turns, until we were in territory I recognized, by the Palermo Football Club, and one block down was the very boliche that Leticia had pointed out, Aira’s haunt. We’ll sit outside, said Aira. And so we did.

Aira talked about his writing. I recall him going on with great eloquence about how writing was mainly labor, that one just had to do it, to write and write, to allow for accretions of material that would then suggest unsuspected possibilities of combination and construction, and so forth. A novel, he said, may be assembled from the debris of failed or unfinished ones. A serial correspondence of room to room . . .

A bit like Jack Spicer? I interjected, slightly drunk.

Who? he said.

I started to explain, but then Aira said, You mentioned as we walked here that something quite extraordinary happened to you this morning. Tell me, now.

The place was full by this time of the evening, and as I told my strange, barely believable tale, I noticed a number of people were looking at us, some of them whispering, for Aira’s celebrity in Buenos Aires is considerable.

And so that is what happened, I said, finishing my story, And I swear every bit of it is true.

Aira snuffed out his cigarette, took off his glasses, and started to laugh and slowly clap, somewhat the way El Gallego had earlier that day. He kept clapping and laughing for what seemed like a good half minute, drawing more furtive attention our way. He grabbed my shoulder and made a few remarks about how what seem like coincidental events may well harbor quantum motivations, like spooky-action-at-a-distance, within them. Or, who knows, maybe something totally outside scientific description.

Then, without warning, Aira announced that he was leaving.

Bueno, me voy!

He quickly stood up, extended his hand to both of us, and walked away. It was both rudely and charmingly abrupt, as his fiction can often be. But when I found out from Forrest, two or three years later, that Aira was writing a novel based on my account of the uncanny coincidences that day, it occurred to me that he might have left in such a sudden manner because he didn’t want to forget the particulars. And indeed, with the exception of just one detail (Enrique’s mother was not sitting in the café, as he has it in The Divorce, but approached us from the sidewalk), he got everything right, down to the very names of everyone involved, including me, whom he has as narrator of the book. And he’d never taken a single note.

The next day, in Montevideo, I read Una novela china in one sitting. A gorgeous, lyrical novella about a bisexual Chinese writer, artist, optician, and hydraulic engineer, it is set during the early years of the Chinese Revolution. Like so much of Aira’s work, the book is marked by barely believable coincidences.


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Rain Taxi Online Edition Summer 2021 | © Rain Taxi, Inc. 2021

Dispatching Dispatches:
An Interview with
Michael Boughn and Kent Johnson

by Julien Poirier

For many poetry readers, Dispatches from the Poetry Wars was the best website of the Trump era. Visiting its home page was like limping into a port in a storm, only to be harassed, sweet-talked, and propositioned on your way to the nearest dive, where some incredibly erudite but fantastically longwinded “traveler” would bend your ear for hours about the Surrealists, Oulipo, or Conceptualism before ripping off his toothless rubber mask to reveal a mild-mannered professor in a Columbia windbreaker, who would then astound you by whipping out a carbon-dated copy of a John Ashbery poem proving that Ashbery himself was actually a 42-year-old Scottish witch with a soul patch living on Corfu.

Dispatches was live from April 2016 until May 2020. Populated by hundreds of essayists and poets (some of them entirely fictional), it was a hive of self-stinging contradictions—illuminating, infuriating, principled, irritating, reflexively satirical, idealistic to a maudlin degree and helmed by two shadowy figures calling themselves Fric and Frac, known in their earthly bodies as Kent Johnson and Michael Boughn. Egalitarian, and with a special contempt for glad-handing elites, Dispatches may have flowered in the toxic mudslide of the Trump years but its roots tapped the subsoil of Reaganism and the U.S.-backed genocidal wars in Latin America—where Johnson, an infamous provocateur in the poetry world, had worked and struggled—wars which coincided with the rise of the professionalization (and sterilization) of poetic dissent in the North American university and street. In short, Dispatches was a daily attack on the complacency of a dying empire’s poets—bent, it seems, on irritating everyone, even its allies, along the way.

Beginning a few months after Dispatches went dark, and coinciding with the recent presidential election and Trump’s attempted coup, I conducted this interview with Johnson and Boughn over email.


Julien Poirier: The title Dispatches from the Poetry Wars is the perfect PB&J combination of Michael Herr's Dispatches (his brilliant book about the Vietnam War) and the so-called “poetry wars” of the 1970s and ’80s, where the newly fledged Language Poets (especially Barrett Watten) and a less self-critically soulful motley of poets who came up in the ’60s (especially Tom Clark) went at it in the trenches of Bay Area papers. Your acerbic bent as editors suggests you think the wrong side won. Were the Language Poets the vanguard of today's “professional” poets, and if so, did you start Dispatches to vanquish them?

Michael Boughn: Well, I don’t think the word “win” signifies in a poetry war, but even if “the right side” “won,” Kent and I would still be acerbic. We can’t help it. It’s congenital. We got tested and we were both positive for acerbicness.

That said, I am not even sure what the phrase “Language Poets” refers to. I know this is an old complaint. It used to refer to some poets who published in Charles Bernstein’s and Bruce Andrew’s LANGUAGE (forgive me if I omit the tedious equal signs) Magazine. After that, it kind of morphed into a portmanteau phrase, and all you had to do was say something arcane about non-referentiality and you could call yourself an L-Poet. But even that has evaporated. Some of the former leaders now write ironic doggerel and get big prizes for it. The issues with referentiality seem to have disappeared in the race for the various prizes and positions that have been showered by The Academy and The State on the remaining team members.

I think that poetry got mugged in the ’80s. After poetry broke out in 1960 (to use a symbolic date), a general opposition to the advances of the New American Poetry arose in multiple corners of Plato’s Academy as it sought to regain control. Two major fronts opened up in the Institution: the creative writing front (right wing) and the avant-garde front (left wing), both of which sought to foster skepticism around the advances that Donald Allen’s anthology announced. Our initial resistance had to do with people claiming that the poetry wars were over even as they continued to attack or attempted to assimilate the poets (Creeley, Olson, Dorn, Baraka, etc.) who were central to the NAP. So, no, we didn’t start Dispatches to vanquish anyone. We’re more lovers than vanquishers. We just wanted to set the record straight.

Kent Johnson: The true forerunners of the current professional poetry class, of course, were the New Critics: the cultural Falange (in fairly literal sense) that the New Americans set out to resist with poetic and counter-cultural Molotov cocktails. The Language Poets, on the other hand, who proclaimed themselves more vanguard than the New Americans, turned out to be more like the prodigal sons and daughters of the New Critics. They returned home, during the Reagan and Bush Sr. era, after quickly exhausting their “avant-garde inheritance.” They’ve been welcomed with embracing arms (even if with some reservations) by the Creative Writing and high-theory types at The Academy.

More specifically: After throwing a few tomatoes here and there at the 1970s Deep Image/Confessional amalgam of early MFA program history, and splicing naive “Marxist” derivations onto now-defunct French theory, they got a few well-placed introductory essays directed their way in the 1980s (not least from the Neocon critic Marjorie Perloff, whose attitudes regarding race seemed to share a good dollop with those of Allen Tate), and quickly dropped their outsider pretenses, setting out on their “Long March into the Academy” (a phrase spoken to me, in fact, by Bob Perelman, after I’d given a friendly paper about the group at the MLA in New Orleans). The start of that march, interestingly (or predictably) enough, was roughly concurrent with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the first Iraq War. The rest is history. The Language Poets, along with their “post-avant” progeny, have succeeded in becoming, as I’ve said elsewhere, the most academically entrenched poetic formation since the glory years of the Sewanee and Kenyon reviews. We are waiting for our next New American Event now. Not that anyone should be holding their breath.

That said, Dispatches was not in any significant way a response to Language Poetry. By the time Mike envisioned Dispatches, the Language Poets, in the sense of any kind of vibrant, relevant current, were gone.

JP: I guess the Language school still interests me because it was so self-consciously political. Politics in the United States are terribly self-centered, and poetry politics seem to mimic that. By the time I tuned in (in the early ’90s), everybody was at everybody else’s throat while pretending to a seething civility; in the timeless fashion of a well-fed intelligentsia, infighting among adjacent poets took precedence over solidarity with poets on other shores. In contrast, Dispatches seemed intent on revealing an international poetic underground, though at the same time, it seemed to revel in a more-radical-than-thou skewering of perceived enemies. Was this side combat central to your plan, or would a total focus on solidarity among allies have gone deeper?

KJ: You know, having said the above, let me offer this: All due honor to the LangPos. Much of their critical stuff looks dated now, even sometimes humorously so, but that’s because they had ambition and set out to challenge some things. They certainly did shake things up in provisional ways for a couple decades and raised some good questions, even as their targeting of the New American Poetry as some sort of logocentric, semi-Romantic tendency requiring post-structural rectification turned out to be grossly misguided. And of course, their absorption (eagerly self-invited, in hindsight) into the sub-cultural institutional Moloch is now a done deal.

MB: And I would question what you mean by “political.” Mouthing neo-post-Marxist theoretical claptrap about syntax changing the world while jockeying for positions at prestigious universities does not count as political in my book, at least not in the sense you mean. Were they organizing for anything other than their personal aggrandizement? Did they ever actually do anything? I mean DO as in get off your ass and into the streets kind of do, where you actually risk something. Ginsberg’s King of the May shtick was way more political than anything coming out of the L-Po contingent.

KJ: Well, some of them did travel regularly to China, to attend poetry conferences, thus openly abetting the Chinese Communist Party’s “soft power” strategy while writers and artists like Liu Xiaobo were rotting away in prisons. That’s kind of “political,” you could say.

But on your implied possible mismatch, Julien, between Dispatches’ solidarity with a “poetic underground” (a solidarity that was real, yes, and more internationalist than any U.S. poetry journal of its time), on the one hand, and Dispatches’ insistent “skewering of perceived enemies,” on the other, I would offer a historical example of a vanguard formation that engaged in precisely such a contradiction and bet its life and principles—both aesthetic and ethical—on the gamble: The Surrealists, under the guidance of Breton and Péret, in their prolonged struggle against not only the official lit culture of 1920s and ’30s France, but against the literature of international Stalinism. You can’t come up with a poetic movement that more consistently defended revolutionary principles, not just in art, but in political action. Nor can you come up with a poetic movement that more consistently and joyously dove deep into the literary politics of its time, petty and “divisive” as it might have seemed then, to many. There is no incompatibility whatsoever between the two modes of attention. The politics of poetry are inseparable from the poetry of politics.

MB: The skewering of “perceived enemies” doesn’t quite match my sense of where we were at. We were not focused on “enemies,” perceived or unperceived. We were focused, as satirists, on the moral bankruptcy of the authorized poetry culture—that being the poetry culture financed by the state through its institutions, be it PoFo, UPenn, Harvard, or the Library of Congress. That is the business of satire, a proud and essential genre now largely lost to overwhelming sentiment and linguistic razzle dazzle.

KJ: I’ll just end by pointing out that this sentence from you, “By the time I tuned in . . . everybody was at everybody else’s throat while usually pretending to a seething civility,” is still just as true, if not even more so now than then.

JP: I agree with you in spirit (and with knife in my teeth) that the fat boat of institutional poetry was ripe for a boarding and full pirate treatment on the high seas. But I'm not convinced that satire is the best weapon to use against cynics disguised as florists. What did Dispatches hope to achieve by tenaciously attacking an institution such as the Poetry Foundation rather than giving it the middle finger, once and for all, before turning its full attention to fostering a new nation of outsider poets with no time to beat dead horses?

MB: First off, I think that our rhetorical toolbox at Dispatches was more diverse than you suggest here. Yes, satire was central to our project. Both Kent and I are huge fans of Ed Dorn, who, along with Mark Twain and H. L. Mencken, is one of the U.S.’s greatest literary satirists. He famously proposed, “Entrapment is this society's / Sole activity . . . / and Only laughter / can blow it to rags.” That was one of our guiding principles, just as his Rolling Stock was one of our inspirational models. That said, we wrote in varied modes, depending on the circumstance, and had numerous targets in the Official Poetry Economy. The Poetry Foundation, or PoFo, Inc., as we affectionately tagged it, is crucial because it is the door through which Wall Street and the National Security Apparatus entered the poetry scene and, with Ruth Lily’s $100,000,000 gift, effectively took it over, organizing both the right and left wings into a manageable unit lined up with their hands out. Hardly a dead horse. Maybe an undead horse—which definitely deserves to be beaten. As for fostering a nation of outsider poets, one of the ways you do that is to continually point out the moral and artistic corruption of the Official Poetry Economy while providing an alternative space for something else to coalesce.

KJ: Um, yeah. Preach.

JP: Well, I'd argue that the “Culture Industry” is a parasitic illusion. Surely there's an outside to it, and as long as poets trust each other we can get there together. Of course, that trust must be earned, at least according to the dominant leftist narrative that has shaped poetry politics during the endless war of the current century. In a pinch, straight white male poets can't be counted on to do much but forward their group's own agenda, so the narrative goes. But in terms of intraparty conflict, the last few years have been especially fierce: what with the “No Manifesto” (avant-garde precursor to the “Me Too” movement) and the thriving “Black Lives Matter” movements, straight white males (poets among them) have been taken to task for—to put it charitably—a congenital lack of self-reflection. Dispatches was active throughout the pitched battle between ascendant white supremacy and woke eloquence. How did these cultural struggles shape your joint editorship?

KJ: Julien, Dispatches—and starting with Dispatch #1—declared itself a Temporary Autonomous Zone (TAZ). We never said there was no possible “outside” space. We were all about the urgency of being outside, however uneasy and precarious that outside surely is. But we were also clear-eyed that it wasn’t simply a matter of just “making a choice” and retiring to a commune in the country. It’s hardly that easy, given the reach of the institutional/professional driftnet that’s so successfully ensnared the bulk of schooling fish, as it were. The well-travelled Gramscian term for the matter confronting us is hegemony. And poetry—right and left, “mainstream” and “avant”—is living in some damn pernicious hegemonic times. Much more so than rebellious poets during the New Critical period of not so long ago. Can we imagine a New American counter-current of resistance emerging like that all of a sudden today? No, we can’t. And it will take a good deal more trench work, or some kind of help from bigger social forces, to kick poetry off its protracted suck on the teat of Prizes, Grants, and Tenure.

Nor did we, to be sure, ever claim we were totally safe from getting caught up in sucking on it ourselves. No one is safe.

MB: Personally, I know all that recrimination and incrimination stuff goes on, but I try to ignore it as much as possible. Mostly in our bailiwick it has to do with equal distribution of art booty. I have no stake in it. I don’t want any of the prizes, awards, grants, or other tokens of the State’s affection. So, I don’t have to deal with the squabbles over the representation of the dispensers and recipients of art booty.

Like Kent, I came up during a time when we, those of us involved in the resistance, all became increasingly aware of the ways in which the dynamics of patriarchy inflected our relations with each other. We took on the task of trying to straighten that stuff out as much as you can when you are, as you put it, inside. Actually, as Kent said, there is no “inside and outside.” That idea is pure poison. It leads to the Mechanics of Perfection, and then we turn on each other and rip our mutual throats out in the frantic quest for some kind of purity.

We are all part of It, aren’t we? Limits are what we are inside of, to quote Charles Olson. In the course of our lives, Kent and I have fought to be further, to move the limits out. That’s how Emerson has it. That we are all capable of being further, a further person. Stanley Cavell calls it Emerson’s moral perfectionism. Not that you can be perfect. But perfectionism is the will to keep trying, to become a new person, a further you. I do my best to live a life that is true to my sense of the struggle for justice, for equality, for dignity and respect in my relations with others. I often fail, but as Samuel Beckett suggested, we should all fail, fail again, fail better. Emerson would agree with that. If I am called out for some failing, I listen, consider, and try to do better. How else to get through this vale of tears?

Kent and I went out of our way to make Dispatches welcoming to everyone, including those who disagreed with us and who were critical of our very existence. In the beginning, especially, when everyone’s dander was up about how rude we were, we published letters and essays from people who questioned us and our mission. As for diversity of representation, if there were any notable absences in our lineup, it was not because of any exclusionary prejudice on our part. It was because some people were not very comfortable with our mode of activism and chose to stay away. Some were alienated by the word “war.” Ha. Here we are face to face with judgment which dismisses “war” as the fantasy of macho boys. Well, there may be some of that. I am far from perfect. Kent and I are boys. We admit it. But does that leave us helpless tools of patriarchal control and manipulation? And further, is there only one (negative) sense to that very ancient word, “war”? I leave it to others to judge what we did with our war. But I have no regrets from that whole four-year run.

Let me just say before I shut up that I think the real enemy is the tendency to generalize everything. It’s an affliction of the imagination that destroys the detailed world of actual value and replaces it with a world of cutout figures ready made to fit into your categories of absolute good and bad, a smooth world that gives rise to smooth poems. William Blake called it the state of Ulro, a low-level mode of human relation. When you try to shake it up, you are accused of being a warmonger.

JP: I want to talk more about the “outside” or “other” space that Kent brings into question. Its contours do feel quasi-religious to me. At the same time, it feels quite real to me since I live in that space and can easily recognize my compatriots. The surface of Dispatches may have roiled with debate about poetry politics, but its darker undercurrents seemed dedicated to rocking the boats of unaffiliated song. Am I right? You both seemed dedicated, ultimately, to freeing the poetic art from the “poetic war.”

KJ: I don’t think so, Julien. The poetic art is never free from the poetic war. All truly new paths through history, all real breakthroughs in the poetic field, are entangled, in some measure or other, with an aspiration (sometimes fruitful, most often shattered) to recover and enable that life of “unaffiliated song” (a very useful phrase, thank you). To challenge the stultifying and ossified with something unsuspected and (at first) incomprehensible is the dialectical history of all the arts, right? And it includes discovering the “unaffiliated” in the old and the forgotten, disinterring its spirit. Make it New, as the saying goes.

MB: Deleuze’s suggestion was that we should “Bring something incomprehensible into the world!”

KJ: Now, it’s key to remember that any “outside” or “other” spaces that are created in such gestures don’t long remain pure and autonomous, if ever they were. Part of the dynamic of the poetry wars that are always with us is that rebellious instances are entangled, coerced, and absorbed not long after they emerge.

MB: Since we are riding this inside/outside thing, let me remind us that the poetry war takes place inside before it takes place outside. The struggle to remain true to poetry’s mission is a spiritual ordeal as much as it is a public engagement. And it is continual.

KJ: Yes. It’s dialectical, through and through. Recognizing that the ordeal is impure, contingent, and provisional doesn’t mean one just waves surrender. One keeps firing into the dark and tries to extend the resistance as long as one can. Because one knows, too, that others will start over. Otherwise, we’re stuck inside the Museum in one eternal nightmare of the soul. I mean, who wants to stare at William Bouguereau or Donald Judd their whole life, right?

Temporary Autonomous Zones: The “Temporary” in that phrase is not to be missed. Because the term marks both the tragedy and the honor of the unceasing attempt. Its comedy, too, let’s hope.

JP: So are we at a point now, in the midst of inchoate instinctive global fascism and climate collapse, where more poets will free themselves from the market? Or the opposite? Is the inertia of capitalism powerful enough to sink the pennywhistle of liberty?

MB: There are a lot of assumptions in your question that I am not sure I agree with. For instance, inchoate global fascism. The fascism (and proto-fascism) looks pretty choate to me as it surges around the globe right now. It’s definitely on a roll in the wake of the destruction wrought by neo-liberalism and globalization over the last fifty years. But we must never forget that fascism is not just “out there.” Robert Duncan was so clear about this. He warned us over and over. None of us are innocent or untouched by evil. The minute you forget that, you become complicit. And secondly, whatever the temptation, I think we have to be careful not to impose the past on the present. For all its similarities, this is not 1933. And although we have more than enough evidence of climate change, climate collapse is just speculation. We know climate change is critical, but we only have models of how it is going to evolve. And models aren’t knowledge. There are plenty of problems, political and ecological, that we have to address as poets. But we need to stay open to the specificities of the emergent reality we are entangled in rather than reacting to projections of our fears and anxieties. That’s what poets are responsible for, keeping the open in front of us all.

As for liberty, it’s important to remember that it is something one takes, not something that is given. Under the regime of capitalism in its many evolving forms, which we also call modernity, something called liberty has been exchanged as a social/political commodity and regulated with strict codes. It is a controlling trope in the U.S., as we saw during Trump’s attempted putsch in Washington D.C. Don’t tread on me because I want to tread on you first stages itself as liberty, but is really an eidolon, a false image. Liberty circulates freedom, it doesn’t restrict or contain it.

Diane Di Prima famously said that the only war that matters is the war against the imagination. You could rejig that to say further that the only liberty that matters is the liberty of the imagination to embrace liberty. And embracing liberty extends it, circulates it. Poets know that because it is the lifeblood of their art, its fundamental challenge and offering, a reality they face with every word they write. To get to that place is not easy. As I’ve said, it involves a spiritual ordeal. You can’t take a course in it. Or workshop it. It’s a quest. So, I suspect that whatever happens politically, most people writing marketverse will keep on writing it. And poets will keep on writing poetry. They have to. That’s why they are poets.


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Voir Dire

Nico Vassilakis
Dusie ($15)

by Tyrone Williams

The French legal phrase that titles this book, literally “see say,” roughly means to say what one has seen, to swear to tell the truth. Given the playful tone of some of the prose and poetry contained herein, it would be easy to read Voir Dire as a tongue-in-cheek defense of vispo (shorthand for “visual poetry”), a movement of which Vassilakis has been at the forefront. This contrast between the title of the book and the tone of the writing raises several questions: to whom or what is this defense offered? What are the charges against the “defendant”? On whose behalf does Vassilakis speak? Who are the plaintiffs?

Before getting into some of these issues, it must be said that Voir Dire is a pleasure to read. One can, if one wishes, pass over the “arguments” of some of this writing in order to delight in a loopy, surrealist practice, especially in the first section, “Then There Was You.” As in his other books, Vassilakis is unpretentious, humorous, witty, and completely self-effacing. In that, he is child-like (not childish) and absolutely serious, and so it is not surprising that toward the end of the book, he couples a straightforward description of vispo as a practice (“A visual poem is successful when it makes alternative use of writing and devalues the sequence of alphabet typically reserved for word communication”) with a critique of the formal (read: educational) development of children’s writing practices, which narrow from “free expression in drawing to rigid grid-like writing that makes everything the same.” However, as the poem “Retinal Boss” makes clear, and the surrealist reference above suggests, Vassilakis is not interested in merely reversing the word/letter hierarchy. Rather, he wants to “Wring out the smallest elements / Wring out the letters and see what’s left//Now go past that.”

We have seen this before, of course. From Freud’s and Jung’s valorization of the unconscious to Deleuze’s and Guattari’s anti-oedipal schizophrenia, the belief in a more real Real (just to bring Lacan into the assembly) has dominated thought in a number of the humanities, including poetry.

Somewhere between vispo and pure thought there is asemic art, and certainly Vassilakis’ reference to the pre-letter drawings of children verge on this recent, and increasingly popular, practice which blurs the difference between writing and drawing. It is thus surprising that Vassilakis makes no reference to asemic art, at least not by name. Nonetheless, the two sections of this book (“Then There Was You” and “Voir Dire”) may be understood as constituting two answers to those questions I posed above. Read in the plural, the “You” of the first section may refer to the reader who, by virtue of having acquired fluency in English, demands what Barthes called a readerly text, writing that checks all the boxes and is thus easily digestible. At the same time, this “you” could also refer to the skirmishes over national languages in Canada. In that sense, the book’s title might well be asserting a kind of Francophone “origin” story (Voir Dire) vis-à-vis Anglophone usurpation (“Then There Was You”). Indeed, Vassilakis may here be alluding to the Quebecois wars): J’Accuse Anglais. However, the first section’s adverb adverb verb pronoun title, “Then There Was . . .,” acknowledges the reader while refusing to give in entirely to the readerly; writerly interjections—“We’re like that—a family made from sky,” “Hey writing, I don’t know you anymore”—wrest control from the readerly.

If we, the readers, are tempted to judge this book, we, as jurors, are forced to consider that the author may be a kind of madman, a person with (at least) two personalities (Dr. Readerly, Mr. Writerly) whose testimonies neutralize one another. Rather than risk being hung, we can, as I noted above, simply go along for the ride on Vassilakis’ plainspoken flights of fancy and imagination. Even when he is mocking hierarchy per se (“He was a Disciple, a brick out of the pyramid”) or recalling the necessity of/desire for handwriting (“I was too busy looking for a pen”), Vassilakis never takes himself too seriously. And these days, that’s an all-too-rare quality.


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Artists in Residence

Seventeen Artists and Their Living Spaces, from Giverny to Casa Azul
Melissa Wyse and Kate Lewis
Chronicle Books ($22.95)

by Linda Lappin

Recently, months of lockdown have had many of us re-adapting to our homes, repurposing spaces for new needs, dealing with clutter and chores, and straining under the limited access to sunshine, fresh air, breathing space, silence, and privacy. At some point, we all have reassessed our living space with a critical eye, wondering how to improve it—to make it more functional, comfortable, or more aesthetically pleasing, to make it a better fit for the person we are now, for the life we lead now as homesteaders hunkered down while an invisible storm rages outside.

The interior of our home is also an expression of our interior. Whether we look at Virginia Woolf’s “A Room of One’s Own” or Joris-Karl Huysmans’s “A Rebours,” artists and writers have long investigated the influence domestic interiors have on their psyche and artistic production.

How do artists inhabit their homes and how do their domestic spaces shape and shelter their work? How are the homes of artists different from our own? Author Melissa Wyse and illustrator Kate Lewis address these questions in their charming new book, Artists in Residence: Seventeen Artists and their Living Spaces, from Giverny to Casa Azul, letting the reader peek into the homes of a diverse group of artists—some famous, others lesser known, representing different styles, races, nationalities and genders. This exquisite volume is illustrated not with photographs, but with Kate Lewis’s luminous paintings, in order, claims Wyse, to capture not just the “visual appeal” of an interior but also “the greater essence of how it feels” as a multisensorial reality.

The artists’ homes showcased in this book present a wide range of approaches to domestic space and to domesticity in general. Matisse relished family life and celebrated it in his work, while French-born New York sculptor, Louise Bourgeois, rejected the conventions of domestic routine. The artists discussed here also used their environments to experiment with different materials, colors, and aesthetic vocabularies, whether mirroring their dominant style or radically deviating from it. They erased barriers between domestic space and studio space, public and private, family dwelling and installation space. In some cases, their houses or apartments became organic works of art, as in the home created by Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant, which Wyse describes as “a three-dimensional painting that they could live inside.”

Henri Matisse, Frida Kahlo, and Hassan Hajjaj decorated their homes with explosions of color, texture, and patterns, as well as with collections of ceramics, textiles, natural objects, and art richly displayed. Louise Bourgeois loved to be surrounded by piles of books, papers, and photos: the “material traces of the past,” the “rich stores of archived memory with all its generative creative potential.” The interiors inhabited by Georgia O’ Keefe and Donald Judd express a more uncluttered, sober simplicity, yet include areas which would seem to be permanent installations, for a public of themselves.

The book has been constructed from a combination of in-person visits and archival research, since some of the buildings that lodged these homes no longer exist. The authors emphasize the need to preserve the legacies of artists’ homes which may provide as yet unexamined perspectives on their creative practice. Most often the domiciles of women and artists of color are the ones that have been lost to history, as in the poignant case of Brooklyn artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, whose SoHo house, which he rented from Andy Warhol, has become an upscale shop for Italian ceramic tiles. Basquiat’s memory persists only on the exterior, where street artists continue to leave their homage to his work.

For all these artists, their domestic space was one of regeneration and experimentation, a place to return to and collect oneself or escape “public interface,” making the house a safe space for dreaming. At a time when we are encouraged to remain within our own bubbles, Artists in Residence invites us to go exploring: strolling through a tangled garden in France, sipping tea at a rough plank table in New Mexico, or sitting on a plastic crate in a tiled courtyard in Marrakech. The last chapter, “Bringing It Home,” gives suggestions to readers on how to transform their own environments into “domestic installations of creativity” and open up to “the mysterious power we can access through the space around us,” inspiring us to turn our own homes into works of art.


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Yours Presently and Momentous Inconclusions

Yours Presently: The Selected Letters of John Wieners
Edited by Michael Seth Stewart
University of New Mexico Press ($75)

Momentous Inconclusions: The Life and Work of Larry Eigner
Edited by Jennifer Bartlett and George Hart
University of New Mexico Press ($75)

by Patrick James Dunagan

Whether or not the idea of a Black Mountain School of American poetry should actually exist is rather moot. It serves quite well as a term for grouping the poets in attendance during—as well as those associated with publishing activities surrounding—the final years of Black Mountain College circa 1951-54, when direction of the rural North Carolina institution fell to poet Charles Olson. The known triumvirate of the Black Mountain School has Olson at its center buttressed by Robert Creeley and Robert Duncan (both of whom taught at the college, however briefly, alongside Olson). Any number of poets are available for broadening the huddle, but no matter how large that huddle grows to be, poets Larry Eigner and John Wieners will always remain near its center.

Olson served as a major influence on the work of both Eigner and Wieners, though they provide widely differing examples of what qualifies one to be part of the Black Mountain School. Both appear in Donald Allen’s New American Poetry: 1945-1960, the common reference point for the idea of there being a Black Mountain School, but Allen doesn’t place Wieners under the “Black Mountain,” subheading. Instead he puts him in his final, unclassified grouping of poets, despite the fact that a young Wieners was a star in Olson’s classroom at Black Mountain. This has led to some confusion, such as Jonathan C. Creasy’s mistaken editorial claim in his Introduction to Black Mountain Poems (New Directions, 2019) that Wieners isn’t included in Allen’s anthology at all. On the other hand, Allen does place Eigner under Black Mountain even though Eigner never came anywhere near Black Mountain’s campus. Eigner’s Black Mountain connections derive from the influence of Olson and others on his work, along with his associations via correspondence and where he published.

For poets coming of age in the 1950s, correspondence proved essential to sustaining and growing their friendships and associations. Yours Presently: The Selected Letters of John Wieners opens with his missives from Black Mountain to his friend and former classmate Robert Greene from Boston College. Attentively detailed, these letters are both gossipy reports on fellow students and various events happening at the college and demonstrative of the strength of Wieners’s self-introspection. Writing to Greene on May 24, 1955, he describes presenting two poems in a class of Olson’s:

I brought in two poems, a love poem, which begins, “I have wanted to write a love poem like the river merchant’s,’” and another, an address to Hart Crane and Harry Crosby, two suicides. I did not work hard on them, especially the suicide one, as it was written while I was stinking on Friday, and written while I was in tears up to my knees. I brought them to class last night, read them in my turn . . . and I asked a question: I would like to know how I can stop writing poems like this: Olson laughed and laughed, he said you never can, and you better not. He asked me what I meant, and I answered with: preoccupation with myself. The class then launched into them. In a second, failure is turned into success, at least for other people. Olson then began answering my question. I don’t remember what he said in quotes, but he talks about the intensity, me John Wieners, the desire, the trouble in the poems, that the use of language is my image, on and on, talking as if I am a poet, possessing the talent to convert experience into form. We went to Peek’s afterward, and I could hear him talking up the other end of the table about the emotion in the poems.

Readers of Wieners will likely recognize this mention of the poem “Hart Crane, Harry Crosby” found in Wieners’s Cultural Affairs in Boston: Poetry and Prose, 1956-1985 (Black Sparrow Press, 1988), as it makes for a gripping read, demonstrating Wieners’s tremendous power, as Olson says, to “convert experience into form.” As an out gay man, Wieners never held back from being forthright in his poems, expressing his sexuality as part of the dauntless gambit with candor at play in his work. Inclusion of unpublished poems is a definite highlight of these letters, and the other poem mentioned is an example; until now unpublished, it can be found a couple pages later in a letter to Michael Rumaker wherein it is entitled “Ode to the Instrument.”

From there the letters quickly expand, covering the erratic geographical movements Wieners made throughout the first half of his adult life. Always with Boston as home base, he trekked from Black Mountain to New York City out to San Francisco before returning East up to Gloucester and on to Buffalo. The majority of letters contained in this collection span this fifteen-year (1955-1969) period of frequent relocations and general trials. A mere thirty pages of letters date from 1970 to 1997; it is somewhat unclear if this dearth is due to an actual falling off of correspondence by Wieners or merely reflects what’s currently available in archives.

As the letters amply testify, by 1970 Wieners had already had a wildly eventful life. He had been on and off hard drugs multiple times and institutionalized on several occasions for months on end. He courted and was courted by poets across the communities represented in Allen’s anthology and beyond. He edited his own magazine, Measure, which ran three issues chock full of notable friends and associates. He taught university while earning his MA in Buffalo, then traveled to Europe for a reading at the renowned International Arts Festival in Spoleto in 1965. He suffered heartbreak at the hands of wealthy arts patron Panna Grady, fantasized a bizarrely and disturbingly detailed non-existent sadomasochistic relationship with Creeley into being, and published several collections of poetry with small presses to much acclaim. By contrast, from the 1970s until his death he infrequently traveled outside of Boston, published new work less and less, and focused more on his queer activism, particularly on the local level. No matter how scorched, he lived a gloriously charged life of the imagination.

Larry Eigner embarked upon a different yet parallel track after hearing poet and editor Cid Corman’s Boston radio show This is Poetry in the fall of 1949. While Corman was never at Black Mountain, he corresponded with and published several of the associated poets in his literary magazine Origin. As a result, when Eigner fired off a postcard “disagreeing with the non-declamatory way Corman presented the work of Yeats,” it proved vital to his coming into the Black Mountain orbit and “started a nearly forty-year relationship.” Momentous Inconclusions: The Life and Work of Larry Eigner provides engaging and wide-ranging consideration of the poet’s prolific adventure in poetry. Gathering together freshly written essays by eight contributors covering an array of topics, along with a short (yet meaty and diverse) selection of letters by Eigner spanning 1953-1992, it serves as an excellent companion commentary to Stanford University Press’s four-volume Collected Poems (2010).

Similar to Wieners, Eigner’s work arose directly from Olson’s example and encouragement. As Barrett Watten affirms, “Eigner’s work is the prototype of [Olson’s] projective verse.” He shares the same seemingly inborn ability to “convert experience into form” that Olson applauded in Wieners at Black Mountain. Marie Landau describes one feature of Eigner’s success achieving this effect as deriving from challenging and transforming the traditional autobiographical lens of the lyric. The act of observation at the heart of his poetry is driven by this shift in attentiveness away from the egocentrism commonly found in Occidental history. Eigner’s poems also possess a haiku-like clarity for capturing the passing moment. Linda Russo comes strikingly close to echoing descriptions of Japanese poetic traditions when she comments: “Listening is one form of bodily registering, of creating a connected situatedness, and Eigner’s poems bear witness to a long history of open window listening.” The open window shows the world and Eigner, with discretionary discernment, allows incidentals of that world to enter into his poems.

In a footnote Russo further remarks on Eigner’s being paraplegic: “he had to extend himself outside of ‘himself’ as a physical phenomenon—a gesture that translates into a poetics.” This is not to say Eigner’s condition defined his poetry, but he discovered and pursued the means within himself to sidestep any physical limitation. Eigner’s poetry moves viscerally upon the page, sounding out in its spatial engagements with a light and open airiness. Seth Forrest argues for listening to the silent, inner attributes of Eigner’s soundings upon the page, broadening the often-narrowed understanding of Olson’s emphasis upon breath: “to think of projective verse poems as containing the ‘speech-force’ of orality is to miss the aural dimensions of writing entirely.”

Offering “writing advice” in a 1975 letter to his young niece, Eigner tosses out this pithy summation for what it all comes down to: “Words and the world.” What else is there to it? What else does the poet make poetry out of but what they hear and see? What else does any finished poem ultimately leave behind? If nothing else, the lives of Eigner and Wieners serve as testaments to the nature of their artistic commitment and the extent to which how they lived remains thoroughly immersed in the poetry they left behind.


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Brazil That Never Was

A.J. Lees
Notting Hill Editions ($18.95)

by Douglas Messerli

Published in a small, almost pocket-sized format, A. J. Lees’s Brazil That Never Was is itself a kind of illusional publication. Although the cloth-bound book is only 139 pages in length—and that with photographs, chapter breaks, and heavy leading between lines—it took weeks to read, despite being mesmerizing from its first chapter. I’ve never taken quite so long to devour a work that totally interested me.

Moreover, though apparently based on facts, the plot of the book feels fantastical: a successful British neurologist becomes so incredibly involved in a childhood fantasy about a country far away that he simply had to take a voyage into the Amazon. Certainly, Lees would not be the first “mad” Englishman to be enticed into the vast Amazonian wilderness. Evelyn Waugh’s desperate attempt to reach Manaus in the Brazilian interior became the basis of his 1934 novel A Handful of Dust, and you might fill several shelves with books and films about European men’s failed journeys or their dreams of travel into seemingly enchanted forests. These dreams are, of course, folly, as most Brazilians knew the Amazon to be a fallen paradise due to the rubber barons who destroyed numerous acres and tribes in the South American equivalent of Conrad’s “heart of darkness.”

Lees’s fascination began innocently enough when his schoolteacher father presented him with a dog-eared copy of Exploration Fawcett, a popular 1953 work that told of Colonel Percy Fawcett’s several voyages into the Amazonian forests throughout the 1910s and ’20s, ending in his 1925 search for a lost city from which he never returned. Surrounded by the steaming smokestacks of vast cargo ships in the Liverpool harbor, the young Lees created an imaginative alternative to the drab landscape in which he lived:

Each Saturday we left the smoking works and foundries and escaped into the dank shadows of Liverpool. . . . The SS Hilary was not the only steamer destined for Brazil. The SS Raphael was leaving on the evening tide with a cargo of pianos for Santos, and the SS Herdsman was bound for the chocolate port of Salvador Bahia. Cotton bales arrived on red duster ships from São Paulo, and sacks of Pernambuco molasses were unloaded at Huskisson Dock. As we waited, separated from the shops by the towering dock wall, unfamiliar scents of Brazil drifted in on the tide streams of the North Atlantic.

Returning to this childhood favorite as an adult, Lees began to perceive that it was actually written by Fawcett’s son Brian, and slowly, through amazing coincidences and contact with others who had followed the Fawcett legend over the years, he gradually pieced together a tale that is far more fabulous than the actual events surrounding Fawcett’s search. Indeed, the third illusion of Brazil That Never Was is that it concerns a journey to the Brazilian heartland, when in truth the story Lees tells comes straight out of dusty British libraries, crumbling letters, and stories and gossip by family members, students of the occult, and science fiction writers.

Thus, this book’s journey to the jungle of Amazonia occurs more through research rather than by any canoe down a river. But what Lees finds during his “travels” is that in Fawcett lies a darkness of mind every bit as mad as that of Conrad’s Kurtz. Fawcett’s search for his “Lost City” likely ended his own life and killed his “magically gifted” son Jack and his friend. Even Lees’s rendition of the backstory about Jack involves Asian religious beliefs spiced-up with theosophist ramblings, hack psychology, and dreamy semi-scientific pipedreams.

In short, Fawcett’s falsely reported scientific expeditions into Brazil had more links to racist fantasies of faith like L. Ron Hubbard’s founding stories of Scientology than to any rational search for prehistoric civilizations. What to most people seemed like one of the last great adventures into the unknown wilds was actually an extraordinarily farcical voyage into insanity. To his credit, Lees does not judge these crackpot concepts so much as he thoroughly explores the various absurd avenues through which the Fawcett writings, correspondence, and histories lead. Even after he recognizes that Fawcett’s explorations (and what his own childhood imagination imbued those adventures with) were little more than nonsense, he is still determined to find proof by actually traveling to Manaus, the starting point into the jungle, to see for himself. What he discovers is far more mundane than the fantasies of Fawcett: Manaus smells of a “nauseous stench of diesel” and is actually an urban landscape consisting of “a Shell garage, rows of shops with roller shutters defending their windows, overhead bridges, corrugated iron shacks, sallow walls covered in graffiti, bracketed streetlights, telephone wires, parking lots filled with trucks, and a Coca Cola bottling plant.” He concludes ruefully “that what I had seen with my own eyes could never compete with the flashbacks of my dead past.”

The several layers of illusion in Lees’s book seem to reflect the Liverpool lad’s own journey through illusion while delving into his childhood dream. Only when he travels on a silkwood dugout down the Rio Negro does he briefly find himself in a world where “time had collapsed.” Clearly this, however, is not a world in which he can exist, and when he returns to society, he realizes that “trying to recapture those magic moments [of his childhood vision] was as impractical as trying to look for the path of the SS Hilary in the ocean.” A ship leaves no track, just as Fawcett’s mad march into the interior left no evidence of his even having entered it. Yet in Brazil That Never Was, something does persist: the human yearning for discovery.


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Permanent Record
(Young Readers Edition)

How One Man Exposed The Truth About Government Spying And Digital Security
Edward Snowden
Henry Holt ($19.99)

by John Hawkins

Edward Snowden’s 2019 memoir Permanent Record was chock full of the seamy details of state corruption that can get a fellow in trouble if he reveals them to the world. He told us about homo contractus, a term used to describe government employees with top secret clearance being poached by private companies to do the same work (spying) for the same people (CIA, NSA) for more tax-paid money and no public scrutiny. There were titillating details of LOVEINT, a disavowed program that allows NSA employees to listen in on the conversations of love interests and exchange pornographic material. It even told about some astonishing coincidences—for instance, Snowden’s forebears were slave owners whose land was confiscated by the government and became Fort Meade, the place where NSA headquarters are located.

The recently-released Young Readers Edition of Permanent Record takes out all that adult “smut,” snipping out about one hundred pages of lugubrious detail while leaving the language, and tone mostly intact. Surprisingly, what’s left is a hero’s tale with all the stuff kids love in a book—adventure, fighting tyrants, young love, righteous parental moral homilies, ideals turned dystopic—with Capitalism coming across as a nearly indestructible cyborg needing some Das Kapitation from a John Connors type. That's a lot to put on the shoulders of a young do-gooder, but it’s now or never, says Snowden.

The book has three parts: Snowden’s childhood years, the 9/11 wake-up, and how he became a whistleblower. Growing up, he loved Bulfinch’s Mythology, Aesop’s Fables, and, of course, the tales of King Arthur's court. Of particular interest was the story of the “tyrannical” Welsh king Rhitta Gawr, “who refused to accept that the age of his reign had passed and that in the future the world would be ruled by human kings,” writes Snowden. He tells of getting around “the System” at school, skirting its rules to do minimal work in history class, only to be scolded by the teacher and told he must mind that such cleverness could become part of his “permanent record.”

This raises the main theme of the book: We all, unwittingly, have “permanent records” that the government and its tech partners (Google, Amazon, Facebook) keep on us and are more than willing to lie about. Snowden tells his young readers that the government could one day, arbitrarily, use the information gathered against anyone, perhaps even retroactively. Some say we have already crossed the abyss, but Snowden seems to have a modicum of hope left for the next generation to reverse this negativity.

Snowden relates how the U.S. government let us down before and after 9/11—before, by ignoring warnings about an imminent threat; after, by 'taking the gloves off' and creating a colossal surveillance state that threatens to eviscerate human privacy, and with it consciousness and the ability to think freely. He also sees the mainstream media as culpable, pointing out that nine years before his whistleblowing revelations, the New York Times quashed a piece that would have brought to light the Bush administration’s order to vacuum up American cyber data without a court order. When Snowden learned of this program and others, he was inspired to reveal what he knew about the secret and unconstitutional malfeasance of his government.

So what is Snowden's final message to young heroes in waiting—the future class of democracy-lovers and whistleblowers? “If we don’t reclaim our data now, future generations might not be able to do so,” Snowden writes at the end of his memoir; “We can't let the godlike surveillance we're under be used to ‘predict’ our criminal activity.”


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Summer 2021

INTERVIEWS

To Break the Silence: An Interview with Kim Echlin
Canadian author Kim Echlin discusses her recent novel Speak, Silence, a fictionalized account of the Bosnian women who testified at The Hague about their experiences of crimes against humanity.
Interviewed by Allan Vorda

Dispatching Dispatches: An Interview with Michael Boughn and Kent Johnson
Editors of the recently decommissioned website Dispatches from the Poetry Wars, Michael Boughn and Kent Johnson, here discuss the arc of its existence during the years of Trump’s presidency and its subsequent demise.
Interview by Julien Poirier

Thought Interruptions: An Interview with Barbara Henning
Poet Barbara Henning discusses her new collection Digigram, a collection of fast-paced, autobiographical prose poems, and other projects.
Interview by Jim Feast

FEATURE

How I Became the Narrator of a César Aira Novel
Argentinian novelist Cesar Aira’s latest work in English translation, The Divorce, is now available from Chris Andrews and New Directions. In this personal essay, Kent Johnson offers a behind-the-scenes exploration of Aira’s aesthetic.
Essay by Kent Johnson

Works by Paul Celan: Memory Rose Into Threshold Speech and Microliths They Are, Little Stones
Two new translations bring Celan’s early poetry and much of his prose to English via the heroic efforts of translator Pierre Joris. Review by John Bradley

FICTION REVIEWS

Klara and the Sun
Kazuo Ishiguro
In his latest novel, Klara and the Sun, Kazuo Ishiguro discusses subjects such as the dangers of technological advancement, the future of our world, and the meaning of being human. Reviewed by Kris Novak

The Passenger
Ulrich Alexander Boschwitz
Composed in a feverish four weeks by twenty-three-year-old Ulrich Alexander Boschwitz, The Passenger mirrors the author’s experiences as a German Jew whose family fled the country after the passage of the racist Nuremberg Laws in 1935. Reviewed by Chris Barsanti

Nancy
Bruno Lloret
A speculative and poetic first novel, Chilean writer Bruno Lloret’s Nancy comprises the deathbed recollections of its title character, a widow who is dying of cancer. Reviewed by Austyn Wohlers

Cathedral
Ben Hopkins
A monumental debut novel, Cathedral constructs an edifice whose design ranges from the most sublime heights of inspiration to the most degenerate political depths, all of them counterbalancing each other to maintain their intricate facades. Reviewed by David Wiley

The Bass Rock
Evie Wyld
Evie Wyld is an author and bookshop owner in London whose latest novel, The Bass Rock, follows three women on the coast of Scotland over centuries. Review by Josh Steinbauer

POETRY REVIEWS

PUNCH
Radoslav Rochallyi
Slovak poet Rochallyi’s mathematical poetry is not only a critique of language, but also a beautiful, direct confession that tears up the metaphysical ambiguity of life. Reviewed by Andrea Schmidt

Kontemporary Amerikan Poetry
John Murillo
In his second collection of poems, Murillo reflects on coming of age and making sense of poetry while acting as a conduit for the experiences and realities of many Black Americans. Reviewed by Chaun Ballard

frank: sonnets
Diane Seuss
Diane Seuss’s fifth book of poems, frank: sonnets, offers fresh imagery as it calls out the male icons of a bygone New York scene and directly grapples with loneliness, addiction, abortion, and death. Reviewed by Meryl Natchez

Saturn Peach
Lily Wang
This mesmerizing collection offers poetry rooted in memory and reflection, inquisitive imagery, and minimalist tones. Reviewed by Greg Bem

Voir Dire
Nico Vassilakis
A pleasure to read, this collection of poems captures the delight in Vassilakis’s unpretentious, witty, and self-effacing practice.
Reviewed by Tyrone Williams

NONFICTION REVIEWS

The Shadowy Third: Love, Letters, and Elizabeth Bowen
Julia Parry
Previously unpublished, the letters between Julia Parry’s grandfather and Elizabeth Bowen chart the arc of the affair from 1930s Oxford through war-torn London. Reviewed by Elizabeth Smith

Kamala’s Way: An American Life
Dan Morain
Although political experiences are recorded in it, this is not really a book about politics—instead, it is about a woman with a talent for getting around closed doors. Reviewed by Mohd Yaziz Bin Mohd Isa

Artists in Residence
Seventeen Artists and Their Living Spaces, from Giverny to Casa Azul
Melissa Wyse and Kate Lewis
After emerging from months of lockdown, it’s interesting to see how artists like Frida Kahlo and Hassan Hajjaj shape their domestic and work spaces. Reviewed by Linda Lappin

Brazil That Never Was
A.J. Lees
As recounted here, a successful British neurologist becomes so incredibly involved in a childhood fantasy about a country far away that he simply has to take a voyage into the Amazon. Reviewed by Douglas Messerli

Yours Presently: The Selected Letters of John Wieners
Edited by Michael Seth Stewart
and
Momentous Inconclusions: The Life and Work of Larry Eigner
Edited by Jennifer Bartlett and George Hart
The worlds of poets John Wieners and Larry Eigner, both essential Black Mountain writers, are more deeply fleshed out in these two new books. Review by Patrick James Dunagan

YOUNG ADULT

Permanent Record (Young Readers Edition): How One Man Exposed The Truth About Government Spying And Digital Security
Edward Snowden
This recently released young readers edition of Snowden’s 2019 memoir cuts out all the adult “smut,” leaving a hero’s tale with all the stuff kids love in a book—adventure, fighting tyrants, young love, and moral homilies. Reviewed by John Hawkins

Rain Taxi Online Edition Summer 2021 | © Rain Taxi, Inc. 2021

The Bass Rock

Evie Wyld
Pantheon ($27.95)

by Josh Steinbauer

Evie Wyld is an author and bookshop owner in London whose latest novel, The Bass Rock, follows three women on the coast of Scotland over the centuries. Sarah, accused of witchcraft, is on the lam in the 1700s. Ruth is a 1950s housewife, married to a widower and step-mother to his two sons. And in the present day, Viviane has travelled from London in the shadow of her father’s death, to prep the family home for sale.

The Bass Rock opens with the dead body of a woman on the beach, but this doesn't feel cliché so much as it feels like commentary on the “dead girl” trope itself. While the book isn’t a murder mystery, Wyld does well by setting the stage with a murder, creating an implied invitation for the reader to play detective as the novel cuts across three unraveling stories. There are very few intersections at first—a house connects two of them when it's revealed that Ruth is Viviane's step-grandmother, but their stories move along independently. The through-line isn’t the similarity of the women or their connection to this house, so much as the commonality of the men in their lives who are utterly failing them. In an interview, Wyld said: “It was really when #MeToo happened that I saw I was writing about the same thing. The same problem, just a slightly different shape, I suppose.”

What develops is a mugshot of male entitlement—violence, as observed by the three main characters, that hasn't changed much over the centuries. Wyld draws red threads of connection from misogyny in advertising to creeps in parking lots and from a date's gas-lighting to a husband's institutionalization of his wife. As minor condescension crescendos to major brutality, the book begins to question what is at the core of these failings. Wyld’s delving doesn’t only concern the effects of toxic masculinity on women, however. One of the most poignant passages depicts a father confronted with the abuse of his sons at a boarding school. As we realize that he is all too familiar with the abuse his sons are suffering, we sit with him in the moment of choice between rescuing (or even empathizing) with his children or resolving to ignore the abuse as simply part of what turns a boy into a man.

Art courtesy of the reviewer, one in a series of renditions of writers alongside their words featured on his Instagram (@joshsteinbauer).

Wyld's indictment of toxic masculinity is cut with humor, as if coping with it is an artform best practiced through sardonic observation and lancing wit—a kind of Sylvia Plath meets Fleabag. One of the most notable side characters is Maggie, a homeless sometimes-sex-worker whose give-no-fucks take on the patriarchy initially comes across as madness. Under scrutiny, though, she's simply the only one who feels free enough to say what they're all thinking. Maggie speaks in raw gems like, “I trust a man who golfs less than a man who pays for sex.”

The Bass Rock works particularly well as an audio book. The sweet nectar of Scottish accents shepherd the reader through stretches of danger and dread as they come full circle to the body on the beach. The great murder mystery is femicide itself. No one cracks the case, though Wyld’s women testify to the buried weight of patriarchy, with Bass Rock at the forefront of her symbolism—a small island where long ago a castle was built that over time became a prison.



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Rain Taxi Online Edition Summer 2021 | © Rain Taxi, Inc. 2021